The first math contest of this year! The AHSMC, has 16 multiple choice problems. 20 free marks, then 5 marks for every correct answer, 2 marks for every blank answer, and 0 for every wrong answer, so possible scores range from 20 to 100. The contest is written in 80 minutes, without a calculator.
The answers I got were: bacb bedd ccbe acbe. I’ll post my solutions here.
Problem 1
The number of positive integers such that has 2 digits is
(a) 21; (b) 22; (c) 23; (d) 24; (e) 25
As is between 10 and 99, , giving 22 values. The answer is (b).
Problem 2
A 4×6 plot of land is divided into 1×1 lots by fences parallel to the edges (with fences along the edges too). The total length of the fences is
(a) 58; (b) 62; (c) 68; (d) 72; (e) 96
Count the vertical fences separately from the horizontal fences. So let’s suppose the grid is 4 columns and 6 rows, then we have 5 vertical fences and 7 horizontal fences; each vertical fence is 6 units long and each horizontal fence 4 units long.
Therefore the total length is or . The answer is (a).
Problem 3
The GCD of two positive numbers is 1, and the LCM is 10. If neither of them are 10, their sum is
(a) 3; (b) 6; (c) 7; (d) 11; (e) none of these
Obviously the numbers are 2 and 5, as no other two coprime numbers both divide into 10. So their sum is 7. The answer is (c).
Problem 4
How many non-negative solutions are there to the equation ?
(a) 4; (b) 5; (c) 8; (d) 9; (e) 10
Solving for x, we get or . So in order for x to be non-negative, both and , so then . Of the numbers y between 0 and 13 inclusive, 5 of them are divisible by 3. The answer is (b).
Problem 5
The sequence 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,… is obtained by deleting multiples of 5 from the positive integers. What is the 2010th term?
(a) 2511; (b) 2512; (c) 2513; (d) 2514; (e) none of these
Notice that the 4th term is 4, the 5th term is 9, the 12th term is 14, and so on. So the pattern is that the term is .
Therefore term 2008 would be ; then term 2009 is 2511 (skipping 2510) and term 2010 is 2512. The answer is (b).
Problem 6
5 people in a building are on floors 1, 2, 3, 21, and 40. In order to minimize their total travel distance, what floor should they get together on?
(a) 18; (b) 19; (c) 20; (d) 21; (e) none of these
Suppose we choose floor 19. Then the total distance is 18+17+16+2+21 or 74. If we choose 17, the total distance is 17+16+15+3+22 or 73, which is smaller.
In fact we can repeat this several times: at floor 3, the total is 2+1+0+18+37 or only 58 floors in total. The answer is (e).
Problem 7
9 holes are arranged in a 3×3 configuration. Two pigeons each choose a hole at random (possible the same one). The probability that they choose two holes on the opposite side of an interior wall is
(a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ; (e)
Let the first pigeon choose a random hole. Then we split the problem into 3 cases:
- If it’s in one of the 4 corners, then the next pigeon has a chance of landing in the correct spot, so the probability here is .
- If it’s in one of the 4 edges, then the next pigeon has a chance of landing in the correct spot. This is a probability of .
- If it’s in the center hole, then the next pigeon may land in 4 possible places, so the probability here is .
The total is which is equal to . The answer is (d).
Problem 8
The set of real x where is:
(a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ; (e) none of these
I solved this graphically:
The answer is (d).
Problem 9
In quadrilateral , , , , . M is the midpoint of CD. The measure of is
(a) 80; (b) 90; (c) 100; (d) 110; (e) 120
Because and , both ABMD and ABCM are parallelograms. Opposite angles in parallelograms are equal, so , . Thus . The answer is (c).
Problem 10
We construct isosceles but non-equilateral triangles with integer side lengths between 1 and 9 inclusive. The number of such non-congruent triangles is
(a) 16; (b) 36; (c) 52; (d) 61; (e) none of these
Let the sides be a, b, c with . There are 2 cases, one where and the other when .
First, the case . If , a can be from 2 to 9; if then a can be from 3 to 9, and so on. So the possibilities are 8+7+6+…+1 = 36.
Next, the case . We have so for we have b = 1, 2, 3, 4, and if then b = 1, 2, 3, and so on. Then the possibilities are 4+3+3+2+2+1+1 or 16.
The combined possibilities are 36+16 = 52. The answer is (c).
Problem 11
Which of the following is the largest?
(a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ; (e)
Immediately we know that B>A because . Next, B>C because 512 > 81. Comparing B and D, we compare with . Obviously B is bigger.
Finally we compare B with E. and . But B can be written as which is obviously bigger. The answer is (b).
Problem 12
A gold number is one expressible in the form for positive integers a and b. The number of gold numbers between 1 and 20 inclusive is
(a) 8; (b) 9; (c) 10; (d) 11; (e) 12
Write as . Take this modulo , so . Then or , with . Now if is composite this is possible, but if n+1 is prime then this is impossible (if then , a contradiction). Therefore a gold number is any number that’s not one less than a prime.
Below 20, the primes are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, so 8 numbers between 1 and 20 are not gold numbers. Then 12 are gold numbers. The answer is (e).
Problem 13
In tetrahedron ABCD, edges DA, DB, DC are perpendicular. If , , then the radius of a sphere passing through A, B, C, D is:
(a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ; (e) none of these
Put the tetrahedron on a 3D cartesian grid with D being at , A at , B at , and C at . The equation of a sphere is , and since we know four points on the sphere, we can get four equations:
Solving for a, b, c, we get , , . So the radius, or distance from origin is or . The answer is (a).
Problem 14
Let , . We apply f and g alternatively: , , , etc. When we apply f 50 times and g 49 times, the answer is where n is
(a) 148; (b) 296; (c) ; (d) ; (e) none of these
Rather than looking at the numbers themselves, we look at the exponents. Then multiplies the exponent by 2 and multiplies the exponent by 4. Applying f 50 times and g 49 times gives an exponent of or . The answer is (c).
Problem 15
Triangle ABC has area 1. X and Y are on AB such that , and Z is a point on AC such that and . The area of is
(a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ; (e)
As , it follows that triangles and are similar, and so and .
The area of is 1, so is and is , and is . The answer is (b).
Problem 16
The number of integers n for which is
(a) 3; (b) 4; (c) 5; (d) 6; (e) 8
Notice the left side is always odd, and the right side is always even. Therefore, it is equivalent to count solutions to .
Now and by long division we have , or .
27 has 4 positive factors (1, 3, 9, 27) and 4 negative factors, all odd. Thus there are 8 solutions. The answer is (e).